![]() Hence u"\u0432" will result in the character в.,Essentially you have an 8-bit string containing not a Unicode character, but the specification of a Unicode character.,The b'' prefix tells you this is a sequence of 8-bit bytes, and bytes object has no Unicode characters, so the \u code has no special meaning. In strings (or Unicode objects in Python 2), \u has a special meaning, namely saying, "here comes a Unicode character specified by it's Unicode ID". We can correct the previous example to: print('Hello ') The default encoding is UTF-8 for all platforms. decode() method which accepts an encoding parameter. To convert byte strings to Unicode use the str. If you print out a byte string using a format string you will always see the byte string representation form. There is no support for a format method in byte strings – string formatting is only supported with Unicode strings. Note that the two string representations are incompatible so the following expression is always False: 'Hello world' = b'Hello world!' For example: byte_hello = b'Hello world!' ![]() To define a byte string use a b prefix to string literals. However methods that take string parameters (such as startswith) will fail if you pass a string literal (constant) because your code will be passing a Unicode string literal to a byte string method. The happy face emoji would be: smile = '\U0001F642' ![]() To define the Euro symbol use: euro = '\u20AC'įor Unicode values above FFFF use a upper case \U with 8 digits ( \U xxxxxxxx). Use the lower case \u escape sequence with 4 digits ( \u xxxx) to define codes up to FFFF. ![]() To read a file encoded using Latin-1 (ISO-8859-1) use ‘latin_1’: with open('example.txt', mode='r', encoding='latin_1'):Īll Python 3 string literals are Unicode. If your text file does not use the default encoding assumed by Python you will need to specify the encoding when you open the file. We can correct the previous example to:,To convert Unicode to a byte string use the bytes.encode() method, again with an optional encoding parameter (default UTF-8.) To write our hello world message to a Windows CP1252 text file we’d use: Both methods allow the character set encoding to be specified as an optional parameter if something other than UTF-8 is required.,All of this just added to the general confusion over character set mappings and there is a list of at least 50 different character encoding standards on Wikipedia.,To convert byte strings to Unicode use the str.decode() method which accepts an encoding parameter. To convert byte strings to Unicode use the code() method and use str.encode() to convert Unicode to a byte string. Conversion to Unicode requires knowledge of the underlying character set encoding with UTF-8 being the most commonly used, especially on web pages. ![]()
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